Peripheral Khoisan etymology : Query result

Number : 41

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀa

Meaning : to burn

Proto-Ju : *ǀǀa

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀā^h

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The PNK root may alternatively go back to PPK *ǀǀqha "to warm oneself" q.v.

Number : 42

Proto-Bushman : *ʘʔV (?)

Meaning : to burn

Proto-Taa : *ʘʔá

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ʘiʔi (?)

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ʘui

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : A very unreliable isogloss between ǂHoan and SK, unless the (poorly transcribed) ǂHoan form goes back to *ʘʔui < *ʘʔɔa-i. The !Wi forms are weak both phonetically and semantically (although note the regular glottal stop efflux in ǂKhomani), but have no better etymology.

Number : 43

Proto-Bushman : *!̯₁quʔurV

Meaning : nail

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯uʔru

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀqû

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀqurV

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *!o̰ʔo (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 44

Proto-Bushman : *ɡ!₁aʔ- (?)

Meaning : fingernail; hoof

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ɡǀǀàʔm

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *ɡ!aʔu

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Questionable semantics, but impeccable phonetics.

Number : 45

Proto-Bushman : *ǀ₁ʁu- ~ *ǀ₁χu-

Meaning : hair

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!xʼui

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɡǀqhu

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀhu

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Number : 46

Proto-Bushman : *ɡ!U ~ *!U

Meaning : cloud

Proto-Ju : *!o

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-!Wi : *ɡ!u

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Very dubious phonology since the root is only attested in D. Bleek's materials.

Number : 47

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǀǀɛ̃ (?)

Meaning : hail; cloud

Proto-Taa : *ɡǀǀã́

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀxVN-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A dubious SK isogloss.

Number : 48

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀ₁aʔu

Meaning : cold

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ǂaʔu

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀâʔu

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀoV (?)

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ǂa̰ (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : The ǂHoan entry is comparable as far as the click efflux/influx is concerned, but vocalic correspondences are certainly irregular, unless the final *-ʔu happens to be a suffixal element (which still does not explain pharyngealization).

Number : 49

Proto-Bushman : *ci

Meaning : to come

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ci

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *sV

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *sV

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The correspondence PNK *c - PSK *s is quite regular. The vocalism is obscured by various class agreement modifications in SK, but both PNK and !Xóõ agree upon *-i- as the original variant.

References : Honken 1998: 183.

Number : 50

Proto-Bushman : *ča

Meaning : to go

Proto-Ju : *ča

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *sâ

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *ča

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 51

Proto-Bushman : *ƛe / *ƛa

Meaning : to die

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯e [pl. *!̯ao]

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ƛâ-

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *šĩ

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : A lone example of possible *ƛ- in Taa.

Number : 52

Proto-Bushman : *!̯ʷoʔa

Meaning : to die, kill

Proto-Ju : *!̯ʼõã

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀʔâ

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀʔa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ʘoa

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Unreliable (effluxes do not present a regular match).

Number : 53

Proto-Bushman : *ǂq_hɔ-

Meaning : dog

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡǂʰo-e ~ *ɡǂʰo-ĩ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǂqhà

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǂhɔ-in

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Represented in both SK and NK only in conjunction with different (most often frozen) class markers: *ǂq_hɔ-i(^ŋ), *ǂq_hɔ-e, *ǂq_hɔ-a.

Number : 54

Proto-Bushman : *te- (?)

Meaning : dog

ǂHoan : *ćema

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Isolated ǂHoan form.

Number : 55

Proto-Bushman : *kxã^h

Meaning : to drink

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *čʰiN

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *kxã̄^h

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *kxã[Ṽ]-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ču (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : One of several possible parallels between SK *kx- and NK affricates. The original character of the velar affricate is clearly indicated by external parallels. The ǂHoan form is actually dubious, mostly because of the strange vocalism.

References : Cf. Honken 1998: 189 (NK - ǂHoan).

Number : 56

Proto-Bushman : *!̯₁kxa̰u

Meaning : dry

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯xʼau

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀṵ́

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀ[kx]o

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Number : 57

Proto-Bushman : *ǀqʔo(o)

Meaning : dry

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : √ǀʼo

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀʔò

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀo

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ǀqʔau

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Irregular *-ʔ- in PT; however, some forms may have been influenced by or borrowed from Khoekhoe.

References : Honken 1998: 172.

Number : 58

Proto-Bushman : *ǀq_hoi

Meaning : ear

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ǀʼʰui

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

ǂHoan : *ǀqhoe

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 59

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǂu^h

Meaning : ear

Proto-Taa : *ɳǂũ̀^h

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ɳǂu

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss.

Number : 60

Proto-Bushman : *kxa (*ǂkxV-?)

Meaning : earth

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *xʼa

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǂkxûm (?)

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *kxa

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : An interesting example on the hypothesis that "regular" kx- in NK is actually a result of "declickification" (whereas "old" *kx- regularly gets palatalized) - unfortunately, so far the only one!